Indian+Independence

toc 1915-1945 & 1950-1980 By Mike, Devin, and Luke




 * "A man is but the product of his thoughts what he thinks, he becomes." - Mohandas Gandhi (brainyquote.com) **

= Modern World History Explained: =

During the first quarter of the 19th century, Rammohan Roy introduced modern education into India. Swami Vivekananda was the chief architect who profoundly projected the rich culture of India to the west at the end of 19th century. Many of the country's political leaders of the 19th and 20th century, including Mahatma Gandhi and Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, were influenced by the teachings of Swami Vivekananda[citation needed]. The first organized militant movements were in Bengal, but they later took to the political stage in the form of a mainstream movement in the then newly formed Indian National Congress (INC), with prominent moderate leaders seeking only their basic right to appear for Indian Civil Service examinations, as well as more rights, economic in nature, for the people of the soil. The early part of the 20th century saw a more radical approach towards political independence proposed by leaders such as the Lal, Bal, Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh.

The last stages of the freedom struggle from the 1920s onwards saw Congress adopt Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi's policy of nonviolence and civil resistance, Muhammad Ali Jinnah's constitutional struggle for the rights of minorities in India, and several other campaigns. Legendary figures such as Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose later came to adopt a militant approach to the movement, while others like Swami Sahajanand Saraswati wanted both political and economic freedom for India's peasants and toiling masses. Poets including Rabindranath Tagore used literature, poetry and speech as a tool for political awareness. The period of the Second World War saw the peak of the campaigns by the Quit India movement (led by "Mahatma" Gandhi) and the Indian National Army (INA) movement and others, eventually resulting in the withdrawal of the British. The work of these various movements led ultimately to the Indian Independence Act 1947, which created the independent dominions of India and Pakistan. India remained a Dominion of the Crown until 26 January 1950, when the Constitution of India came into force, establishing the Republic of India; Pakistan was a dominion until 1956.

The Indian independence movement was a mass-based movement that encompassed various sections of society. It also underwent a process of constant ideological evolution. Although the basic ideology of the movement was anti-colonial, it was supported by a vision of independent capitalist economic development coupled with a secular, democratic, republican, and civil-libertarian political structure. After the 1930s, the movement took on a strong socialist orientation, due to the increasing influence of left-wing elements in the INC as well as the rise and growth of the Communist Party of India. On the other hand, due to the INC's policies[citation needed], the All-India Muslim League was formed in 1906 to protect the rights of Muslims in the Indian Sub-continent against the INC and to present a Muslim voice to the British government.



= Key Terms: =

1. __**Mahatma**__ - When Mohandas Gandhi rose up to encourage Indian independence from Britain, the people of Indian gave him the nickname Mahatma or "Great Soul." 2. __**Civil Disobedience**__ - One of Mohandas Gandhi's approaches to gaining independence was civil disobedience, or the refusal to obey laws considered to be unjust. 3. __**Amritsar**__ - Amritsar is a city in North Western India where a British commander ordered troops to kill 1,200 of unarmed protestors, in what is known as the Amritsar Massacre on April 13, 1919. 4. __**Sikh**__ - Sikhism is a religion based on both Muslim and Hindu views originated in India. Sikh's lived in a northern province called Punjab, which later became independent and known as Bangladesh. 5. __**Indian National Congress**__ - Led by Jawaharlal Nehru the Indian National Congress governed India after becoming Independent from Britain in August 15, 1947. They worked hard with Mohandas Gandhi. 6. __**Salt March**__ - On March 12, 1930 through April 5, 1930 Mohandas Gandhi led a 240 mile march to the sea to get salt because the British started a monopoly on on salt. 7. __**Adodhya**__ - Adodhya was a northern town in India that both Muslims and Hindus fought for control of a historic holy place. Hindus destroyed a Muslim shrine from the 1500s. 8. __**Missionaries of Charity**__ - Mother Teresa and her followers established this charity in order to help the poor and the sick maintain better lifestyles. 9. __**Golden Temple**__ - Sikh rebels took refuge in this temple, one of the Sikhs most important shrines when they wanted to have their northern province to be independent. Gandhi's sent her forces and killed 450 people. 10. __**Muslim League**__ - The Muslim League was created under the lead of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, because Muslims were not satisfied by the INC because it was mostly controlled by Sikhs. The Muslim League believed in creating their own independent state called Pakistan. = Important Leaders: =


 * __Mohandas Gandhi__**- he was an Indian Nationalist leader who studied law in London.
 * __Jawaharlal Nehru__**- he led the Indian National Congress which is now called the Congress Party.
 * __Indira Gandhi__**- the daughter of Nehru and was elected to run the Congress Party after her father’s death.
 * __Mother Teresa__**- she was a nun who established the Missionaries of Charity to help poor and sick people.
 * __Ho Chi Ming__**- leader of the local Communist Party while under French colonial rule.
 * __Achmed Sukarno__**- he set up an Indonesian republic which the Dutch had tried to suppress.
 * __Pol Pot__**- the dictator of the Khmer Rouge and started a revolution.
 * __Gloria Arroyo__**- in 2001, she was named the new leader of the Philippine government.
 * __Ferdinand Marcos__**- Leader of the democratic government in the Philippines who was overthrown.
 * __Corazon Aquino__**- wife of Marcos, the murdered leader and took control of the government.

= Videos & Widgets: =

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= Map: =



= For More Information: =


 * [|Gandhi Salt March]- this website talks about Mohandas Gandhi's Salt March and says what happened to make Gandhi want to do the march.
 * [|Mohandas Gandhi]- this websites talks about Gandi's life and marks important events with the date it occored.
 * [|Zaibatsu]- this website talks about the Japanese zaibatsu economy by discussing the three main zaibatsu, the zaibatsu itself, and what happened when it "dissolved."
 * [|Mahatma Gandhi Quotes]- this website lists quotes of Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi on many different topics.
 * [|Communist Vietnam Party]- this website is Vietnam's Communist Party newspaper and shows various articles and headings.
 * [|Partition of india]- this website gives a brief description of British India and the Muslims and Hindu's split of India, gives a timeline, and reasons for the split.
 * [|Muslim League]- this website says when the Muslim League was made, what it was for, and it lets you click on important names to go to another page about that person.
 * [|Amritsar Massacre]- this website talks about the British Massacre in Amritsar in deep detail (says places in city where certain things occured).
 * [|Missionaries of Charity]- this website briefly explains Missionaries of Charity and gives info on being a member.
 * [|Indian National Congress]- this website talks about the whole organization, its history, and its elections.