Crisis+&+Absolutism




 * 1550-1715 AD - By Mike and Devin **


 *  "I do not want a husband who honours me as a queen, if he does not love me as a woman." - Queen Elizabeth **

Crisis and Absolutism was an era of battle between religions. In France there were the Calvinism and Catholicism who were highly militant. Each group wanted to win converts and get rid of the other group’s authority. This dispute plagued Europe in the sixteenth century. There were many other religious wars. The Thirty Years’ War continued even after the dispute was ended in Germany by the Peace of Augsburg. Some of the reason the dispute had not ended was that Calvinism hadn’t been recognized by the settlement. One war began in 1618 in the lands of the Holy Roman Empire. This struggle was between the Catholics, which were led by the Hapsburg holy roman emperors, and the Protestants. This conflict soon became a political battle between Denmark, Sweden, France, and Spain. This conflict was very destructive and was finally put to rest by the Peace of Westphalia. There was also a lot of great people doing great things. One of these people was Queen Elizabeth Tudor who took over the throne in 1558. At this time England was a small island kingdom, which had less than four million people. During Queen Elizabeth’s reign, she helped develop England into the most dominate protestant nation. Another person of great interest is Oliver Cromwell. He was thought to be a military genius. He led the New Model Army, which lead parliament to become victorious in the civil war in England. He also set up a military dictatorship after disbanding the king and parliament. In addition to Oliver Cromwell was Ivan IV. He was the first ruler to take the name czar, which meant Caesar in Russian. Ivan IV helped expand the territories of Russia eastward. He also got the name Ivan the Terrible because he was a cold-blooded leader. He even stabbed his own son in a heated argument. Many of the great people in this time weren’t leaders. Some of them just wrote books or poetry. One of these men was Thomas Hobbes. He was alarmed by the upheaval in England and wrote the Leviathan. This was a political on how to deal with the problem of disorder. Hobbes had said that people weren’t guided by reason and moral ideas but by ruthless struggle. The other man that was an important non-ruling person was John Locke. He wrote a piece called Two Treatises of Government. Locke believed that humans lived in a state of equality and freedom rather than a state of war.

Important People:

1. __**Elizabeth Tudor**__ - During her reign, she helped a small island kingdom become the largest protestant nation in Europe. She also did all of this without a husband. 2. __**Peter the Great**__ - He was the most prominent leader of the Romanov dynasty. He also helped Russia become a great military power. 3. __**Rodrigo Diaz**__ - Hewas known as “El Cid” which meant great champion. He was also known as the Spanish hero after fighting the Muslims in Spain. 4. __**Phillip II**__ - He was known as “The Prudent King”. He also was the greatest of the Spanish Kings and was the son of Charles V. 5. __**Francis Drake**__ - He was an English Admiral that destroyed the Spanish Armada which consisted of 60,000 soldiers and 168 ships. 6. **__Ivan IV__** - He was the first ruler to be titled as a czar, which is a total ruler. He even expanded his territories eastward into Russia. 7. __**Oliver Cromwel**__ l - He was considered a military genius who lead the New Model Army. He led the New Model Army to purge parliament of any member who didn’t support him. 8. __**Frederick William the Great Elector**__ - He laid the foundation for the Prussian State. He also started a large army for Prussia to help there frontiers and defense. 9. __**Louis XIV**__ - Hehas been regarded as the perfect embodiment of a monarch. He had a special charm given to him by his natural grace. 10. __**Henry of Navarre**__ - He was the political leader of the Huguenots and was also a member of the Bourbon dynasty. He even switched to Catholicism after succeeding to the throne in France.

Key Terms:

> **__Huguenots__** - This term is the French word for Protestants that were influenced by John Calvin. These Huguenots made up for very little of the population but many nobles began to convert to this.
 * 1) **__[[image:Louis_XIV.jpg align="right" caption="Louis XIV"]]Reconquista__**- The reconquista is a spanish term for "reconquest". It was the period of 800-1200's AD in which Spanish knights fought a crusade against Muslims in Spain. (Moors)
 * 1) **__Gunpowder Plot__** - On November 5th, 1605, Catholic radicals led by Guy Fawkes tried to destroy Parliament and James I by putting 20 barrels of gunpowder in the cellar, but failed.
 * 2) **__Armada__** - Armada is the term used for a fleet of ships. The Spanish sent an Armada to England although England's ships were faster and better only to end up getting dominated by England's brutal force. The Armada fled back to Spain but many ships were destroyed by a storm along the way.
 * 3) **__Roundheads__** - These roundheads were supporters of Parliament during the English Civil War. They got the name "Roundheads" by the way their hair was cut.
 * 4) __**Hapsburgs**__ - Hapsburg literally means "Hawks castle" and was the leading family's name in Europe. The Hapsburgs had rule all over Europe including Spain, Austria and more.
 * 5) __**Long Parliament**__ - Created in 1640 was a Parliament system that met every 20 years. Overall the Long Parliament created taxes to fight Scotland, it limited the kings powers by leading a revolt against the king, and it abolished the Star Chamber.
 * 6) __**Prime Minister**__ - The prime minister is the King's chief adviser originating in Europe during this period. Today Prime Ministers still control many civilizations like Canada and England.
 * 7) __**Absolutism**__ - A system of government in which a ruler holds ultimate power over the civilization he/she controls. During this time rulers were thought to have gained power from God.
 * 8) **__Thirty Years War__** - The Thirty Years War was a war that took place between France and the Holy Roman Empire in 1618 to 1648 AD.

For More Information:


 * 1) Louis XIV This is a wikipedia site all about Louis XIV that not only tells all about him but provides with his impact on events during this era.
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">The Long Parliament This site explains the Long and the wars it created during 1638-1660.
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">Huguenots This site has details on the Huguenots and the origin of the word.
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">The Spanish Armada This site has an easy explanation of why Spain sent an Armada to England.
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">Spanish Inquisition This site shows everything on the Spanish Inquisition including what provoked it.
 * 6) <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">Queen Elizabeth I This site is an extremely detailed site on Queen Elizabeth I starting with basic summary.
 * 7) <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">Star Chamber This site is all about the court of justice during this era.
 * 8) <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">Rock-a-Bye Baby This is a wikipedia on the lyrics and meaning behind this OLD nursery rhyme.
 * 9) <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">The Thirty Years War This site has all of the details on this war with the individual impact it had on each country.
 * 10) <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">Seven Years War This site is a US History site on our countries point of view on the Seven Years War, or the French & Indian War as it is known here.



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<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%;">Timeline:

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">__**1555**__- The Peace of Augsburg ended the religious wars in Germany <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">__**1558**__- Elizabeth Tudor became queen of England <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">__**1588**__- King Phillip II of Spain began the making of the Spanish Armada <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">__**1589**__- Henry of Navarre succeeded to the throne as Henry IV <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">__**1613**__- Michael Romanov became the new czar in Russia <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">__**1642**__- England slipped into a civil war <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">__**1648**__- The Peace of Westphalia ended the war in Germany <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">__**1685**__- James II became king in England making religion a conflict between the king and parliament <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">__**1689**__- William and Mary accepted the throne along with the Bill of Rights <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">__**1689**__- The Tolerance act was signed giving puritans the right of free public worshi